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Original Research 


Facets of the Nightmare Proneness Scale and Their Relationships to Nightmares, Negative Affect, and Psychological Distress

William E. Kelly, John R. Mathe.


Abstract
Previous research introduced the Nightmare Proneness Scale (NPS) as a measurement for nightmare proneness, the trait-like disposition to experience frequent nightmares. However, outside predicting nightmares, little is known about the structure of the scale or relationships of its facets with nightmares. The factor structure of the NPS and the scale’s statistical independence from psychological distress and negative affect were examined among a sample of 306 university students. The NPS predicted frequent distressing nightmares independent from psychological distress and negative affect. Three NPS facets were found representing general psychical dysregulation, depressiveness, and somatization. The NPS facet representing general dysregulation was the strongest predictor of nightmares and the only NPS facet to independently predict nightmares outside of distress and negative affect. The results, limitations, and directions for future research are noted.

Key words: Nightmares, Nightmare Frequency, Nightmare Proneness, Psychological Distress, Negative Affect


 
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How to Cite this Article
Pubmed Style

Kelly WE, Mathe JR. Facets of the Nightmare Proneness Scale and Their Relationships to Nightmares, Negative Affect, and Psychological Distress. Sleep Hypn. 2019; 21(4): 360-370.

Web Style

Kelly WE, Mathe JR. Facets of the Nightmare Proneness Scale and Their Relationships to Nightmares, Negative Affect, and Psychological Distress. https://www.sleepandhypnosis.com/?mno=61441 [Access: June 23, 2026].

AMA (American Medical Association) Style

Kelly WE, Mathe JR. Facets of the Nightmare Proneness Scale and Their Relationships to Nightmares, Negative Affect, and Psychological Distress. Sleep Hypn. 2019; 21(4): 360-370.


Vancouver/ICMJE Style

Kelly WE, Mathe JR. Facets of the Nightmare Proneness Scale and Their Relationships to Nightmares, Negative Affect, and Psychological Distress. Sleep Hypn. (2019), [cited June 23, 2026]; 21(4): 360-370.


Harvard Style

Kelly, W. E. & Mathe, . J. R. (2019) Facets of the Nightmare Proneness Scale and Their Relationships to Nightmares, Negative Affect, and Psychological Distress. Sleep Hypn, 21 (4), 360-370.


Turabian Style

Kelly, William E., and John R. Mathe. 2019. Facets of the Nightmare Proneness Scale and Their Relationships to Nightmares, Negative Affect, and Psychological Distress. Sleep and Hypnosis, 21 (4), 360-370.


Chicago Style

Kelly, William E., and John R. Mathe. "Facets of the Nightmare Proneness Scale and Their Relationships to Nightmares, Negative Affect, and Psychological Distress." Sleep and Hypnosis 21 (2019), 360-370.


MLA (The Modern Language Association) Style

Kelly, William E., and John R. Mathe. "Facets of the Nightmare Proneness Scale and Their Relationships to Nightmares, Negative Affect, and Psychological Distress." Sleep and Hypnosis 21.4 (2019), 360-370. Print.


APA (American Psychological Association) Style

Kelly, W. E. & Mathe, . J. R. (2019) Facets of the Nightmare Proneness Scale and Their Relationships to Nightmares, Negative Affect, and Psychological Distress. Sleep and Hypnosis, 21 (4), 360-370.


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